"Visit" to Mars surges

On July 20, 2020, this day will be recorded in the history of the UAE and the entire Arab countries. The UAE successfully launched the first Mars probe in history, opening the Arab world's first interstellar exploration. The UAE's "first bomb" also opened the wonderful scene of this summer's journey to Mars. Following the UAE "Hope", the Chinese "Tianwen No. 1" and the US "Perseverance" Mars rover are also ready to go to the mysterious red planet. Is the "fire" of Mars as its name suggests?

　　 "Fire Detection" Trio

　　 After being postponed twice due to "the sky is not beautiful", at 5:58 on the 20th Beijing time, the H2A carrier rocket carrying the "Hope" Mars probe was launched from the Tanegashima Space Center in Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan.

　　 At the moment when the rocket successfully lifted off, Salah Amir, the UAE Minister of State for Advanced Science and Deputy Manager of the Mars Exploration Mission Project, could not hide his excitement and relief. In an interview with the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), she said that the shock of the "Hope" rushing to Mars to the people of the UAE is the same as the shock of the American people of the "Apollo 11" landing on the moon 51 years ago. It was also July 20th.

　　 If all goes well, the "Hope" will arrive in orbit around Mars in early 2021, which will commemorate the 50th anniversary of the founding of the UAE.

　　 According to foreign media reports, the "Hope" will not land on Mars, but will orbit Mars for at least two years. According to Amiri, the mission of "Hope" is to take a complete picture of the Martian atmosphere and study the daily and seasonal changes of the Martian atmosphere.

　　Space website stated that this US$200 million, 6-year-old "Hope" project is the UAE’s first venture into interstellar exploration. Its successful launch has both historical significance and more practical significance. The UAE is looking for an economic model that can maintain the country's sustainable development in addition to its oil wealth. The arrival of the "Hope" brings hope to the country's economic development driven by science and technology.

　　 The UAE’s launch of "Hope" on Monday will be the "prelude" to this summer's "fire detection" feast. On the Mars "visitor" roster, China and the United States are also "queuing", waiting for the best time to depart.

　　 China's first Mars exploration mission-"Tianwen-1" will be implemented in late July and early August. At present, China's Long March 5 Yaosi carrier rocket has been "standby" in the launch area of ​​the Wenchang Space Launch Site. This will be the first time a Chinese carrier rocket has performed an Earth-Mars transfer orbit launch mission, and it will also be the first practical launch of the Long March 5 series of carrier vehicles. The Space website stated that the launch is expected to take place on July 23 at the earliest.

　　 The mission goal of "Tianwen No. 1" is to achieve Mars circumnavigation, landing and patrol detection through a single launch, and obtain scientific data for Mars exploration. It is reported that "Tianwen-1" will carry a Mars rover independently developed by China, which is expected to land on Mars in early 2021.

The US Mars rover "Perseverance" will be launched on July 30 as early as July 30. It will take the first Mars helicopter "Wit" to Mars. It is expected to be at Jezero Crater north of the Martian equator on February 18, 2021. Log in.

"Perseverance" is the ninth probe launched by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Its mission includes searching for signs of life that may have existed on Mars, exploring the climate and geological features of Mars, collecting samples of rocks and weathered layers, and Bring it back to Earth to find a way for mankind to land and explore Mars.

　　 Baquerizo of the Center for Astrobiology of the Spanish National Research Council said that NASA is a "frequent visitor" to Mars, and its scientific goals are more ambitious. For the UAE and China, this year's Mars exploration program is "pioneering."

According to Wang Yanan, an aviation expert and editor-in-chief of "Aviation Knowledge", China's "fire detection" can be described as a three-step step, that is, the three tasks of Mars orbiting, landing, and patrol detection are completed in one step. There has never been a country that has "completed the effort" before. If it succeeds, it will be the first in history. The UAE "Hope" mission is relatively simple, mainly using orbiting and spectral analysis to detect the surface and atmosphere of Mars. In contrast, the China-US "fire detection" task is heavier and more complicated.

　　 Why is so "hot"

　　 The human "expedition" to Mars began in the 1960s. In 1960, the Soviet Union launched its first Mars probe. Although HannStar was broken, it took a valuable first step. Over the past 60 years, the United States, the Soviet Union/Russia, Japan, Europe, and India have launched Mars probes to unravel the mystery of this red planet and to see its true meaning.

　　 So far, after dozens of surveys, mankind has made many early gains on the environment, topography, and internal structure of Mars, including photographing the full picture of Mars, discovering that there is water on the surface of Mars, and understanding that Mars was once warm and humid. However, the existence of life on Mars is still a mystery, which attracts more players to "enter".

　　 In recent years, the "Mars Club" has become more and more lively. Not only is the number of members increasing (and now the UAE is among them), but the "players" are no longer limited to national entities, but private companies have emerged. The US Space Exploration Company (SpaceX) is the "pioneer", which has built the Falcon heavy rocket and launched the "Star Boat" program. The founder Musk is even more arrogant, to allow humans to immigrate to Mars.

　　 2020 will be called the "Martian Year", which will stage the "three consecutive events" of the UAE, China and the United States. The next few years will be good: in 2022, the European Space Agency and Russia will implement a joint Mars exploration program. The exploration plan was originally scheduled to be implemented this year, but was forced to postpone due to technical obstacles caused by the epidemic; in 2024, Japan will also start a Mars exploration mission. According to Japanese media, the UAE and Japan’s cooperation in launching the "Hope" detector is a "dress rehearsal" for "fire detection" in 2024. If the "fire detection" mission succeeds in 2024, the shadow of the failure of Japan's first Mars rover in 1998 will also be wiped out.

　　 Why is this remote and desolate planet so attractive to humans?

　　Analysts put it in a nutshell, because Mars is so similar to the earth, for example, it has seasons, day and night, so it is called the "second earth". Knowing Mars will first help to understand the earth.

　　 Pang Zhihao, the chief science communication expert of national space exploration technology, pointed out that exploring the origin, evolution and current situation of Mars has important reference significance for studying the origin and evolution of the earth and predicting the future development direction of the earth.

"There are many indications that the climate environment of Mars was initially very similar to that of the Earth, but after billions of years of evolution, it has now changed a lot. For example, the average temperature has dropped to minus sixty degrees Celsius, and the atmosphere has become thinner, with the density of the Earth’s 1% of Mars. Studying changes in Mars can prevent the Earth from becoming the second Mars."

　　Secondly, "fire detection" can help mankind open up a second home outside the earth.

　　 Pang Zhihao said that scientists are worried that the earth will be hit by extraterrestrial planets or the energy will be exhausted in the future, so they hope to open up a second home for mankind. On the other hand, Mars is the most similar planet in the solar system. Not only does it have seasons, day and night, but also the presence of water has been discovered, which greatly increases the possibility of sustainable human survival on Mars. Therefore, Mars is regarded as the preferred destination of human space migration, and a comprehensive study has been carried out.

　　 "If human beings are going to deep space, Mars may be a settlement or a springboard." Wang Yanan said.

　　Why are launching intensively this summer?

　　 As for why multinational Mars probes were launched this summer, Pang Zhihao explained that both Mars and the earth revolve around the sun, with Mars in the outer circle and the earth in the inner circle. The distance between the two varies with their orbiting position, the most recent is 55 million kilometers, the farthest can reach more than 400 million kilometers. The fire and the ground will be "closely connected" every 26 months. This year is at the right time, and the next "window period" will be 2022. The launch timing will generally be when the Earth and Mars are at a relatively close distance, rather than when the closest distance is reached, usually about two months before reaching the closest distance, so as to smoothly “dock” and complete the orbit. Mid-October of this year will be the time when the fire ground is relatively close, and the mission needs to be carried out about two months in advance, so it forms a scene of intensive launches this summer.

　　 Wang Yanan added that launching during the "window period" when Mars is closest to the earth can also save energy, reduce the cost of "fire detection", and help measurement and control.

How far is 　　 manned to "board the fire"?

　　 In the "fire detection" drama, the "most burning" "plot" is to send humans to Mars, and even finally realize the magical Martian immigration.

　　 SpaceX founder Musk once said in 2009: By 2020, we can earnestly prepare to "take people to Mars." According to Musk's vision, a cargo mission to Mars will be carried out in 2022 and a manned mission to Mars will be carried out in 2024.

　　 So, how long does it take for humans to "fly to" Mars? According to forecasts by some experts in the aerospace field in the United States, it can be as long as 10 years or as long as half a century.

　　 In this regard, analysts are cautiously optimistic. You know, the success rate of unmanned "fire detection" projects is not high. Pang Zhihao said that mankind has conducted 44 Mars exploration missions so far, only 43% of them were completely successful, about 10% were partially successful, and half ended in failure. For this reason, Mars is also known as "the rover's graveyard." The high risk of Mars exploration is that a mission has to overcome multiple difficulties, including launch, communication, control, energy, orbit, environmental, landing, work, etc., and every link cannot "Drop the chain".

　　 Compared with the unmanned probe landing on Mars, manned "fire" is facing a series of difficult challenges.

　　 One is how to break through the vehicle and technical barriers. Manned "fire" requires a huge Martian spacecraft and more powerful vehicles, but these are still on the way to development. SpaceX's Falcon heavy rocket, China's new-generation carrier rockets Long March 5, Long March 6, and Long March 7 are all born to solve vehicle problems.

　　 "Immigration to Mars also means that space vehicles must be as convenient as buses." Wang Yanan said that space vehicles will also be used for the transformation of the Martian environment, establishing a living base that can accommodate a large number of people, and having the technology to produce in outer space.

　　 Pang Zhihao also pointed out the technical barriers on landing. He said that the current landing methods of unmanned probes are not suitable for large-scale Martian spacecraft. The United States is experimenting with shock retarders and new parachutes, but has not succeeded so far.

　　 The second is that manned "boarding of fire" is also an extreme challenge to human beings physically and mentally. Pang Zhihao said that at present, the longest human stay in space in the world is 438 days, and the shortest round trip to Mars takes 520 days. This means that astronauts must endure weightlessness and low-gravity flight for a long time, and will also be exposed to serious radiation risks.

　　The third is whether the continuous investment of funds can be guaranteed. The Mars project is very "burning money". For example, the UAE’s "Hope" cost 200 million US dollars, and the US development and launch of the "Perseverance" cost about 2.4 billion US dollars. "During the period of the US-Soviet hegemony, Mars and other space projects have Sustained national budget support, now lacks such motivation." Pang Zhihao said.

　　 Wang Yanan also pointed out that whether to emigrate to Mars is still related to people's wishes, and this depends to a large extent on the changes in human living environment. If the earth's environment does not deteriorate rapidly to threaten the survival of mankind, then mankind's willingness to emigrate to Mars in the foreseeable future will not be too strong. On the contrary, if the earth's environment changes suddenly and is even threatened by outer space, humans will urgently seek a livable space. Mars is obviously an alternative.

　　Experts also stated that there is less international cooperation in the current "fire detection" project. Compared with other countries, the United States has accumulated more experience and resources. In the future, international cooperation should be strengthened, and even global efforts should be made. This will not only ease the financial pressure, but also apply their own strengths in technology, so that "fire detection" can be more effective.

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